Gambling casino Essay

Companies in the gambling industry include those that offer gambling or gaming activities. These may be casinos, casino resorts and hotels, betting and lottery companies. Though legally restricted by many governments all over the world, gambling industries are a major source of revenue to the government. The gambling industry has also helped in eradicating unemployment as it has created new job opportunities and often with higher wages. Major gambling companies in this industry globally are MGM Resorts, William Hill, Caesars Entertainment and Las Vegas Sands among others. The gambling industry is one of the most competitive and risky industries all over the globe. The demand for gambling is influenced by consumer income growth and state spending (â€Å"Hoovers†, n. d). Effective operations and marketing strategies of individual companies in this industry determines the profit rates and levels of the companies. Large gambling operators in this industry can be able to make large investments in gambling facilities and efficient computer operations, and are also exposed to cross-marketing opportunities (â€Å"Hoovers†, n. d). Small gambling operators, on the other hand, are not well exposed like the large gambling operators. They operate in their local areas and centers where the locals may not afford travel to major gambling facilities. SWOT Analysis Strengths The gambling industry has distribution and sales network that enable them to reach everybody. These networks allow the firms to distribute their products and services effectively. The management in the gambling industry is growing as the employees are receiving training. Lower costs in products lead to higher profits to the gambling industry. Technology acts in favor of the gambling industry as they enable them meet the needs of their customers (Jueves, 2013). THE GAMBLING INDUSTRY 3 Unique products of the gambling industries enable them to differentiate themselves for their competitors. High tax and fee to start gambling companies enables the strong to survive in this industry and kills unnecessary competition. Bigger companies tend to have more resources than their minorities making them to pursue new markets and secure themselves against rivals. Weakness The industry is marked by inefficiencies in work as the goods and services are not being utilized properly. Online presence by these companies is important displaying their information and products to customers. Most of the gambling companies are not present online and those that are present do not have proper websites. Supply chains that are weak tend to delay arrival of consumer’s products in gambling spots. Opportunities The gambling companies can take a step and manipulate the online market where most of the customer base is found nowadays. This enables the companies to expand. New products and services can enable the companies to increase their customer base. Gambling companies can tap the untouched markets available in other countries that do not have or have fewer gambling facilities. Threats A strike by workers and the government’s requirements of the industry’s participants to increase the income of their employees tends to act as a threat to the industry. Increased income leads to reduced profits by the firms. Government regulations against the industry is also a big threat to the companies. Rising companies within the industry act as threat as they pose stiff competition. A shift of customers’ taste from one company to another lead to losses. THE GAMBLING INDUSTRY 4 STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES ?Distribution and sales network that exist. ?Potential strong management. ?Monetary assistance is guaranteed. ?Cost advantages. ?Technology. ?Unique products. ?Barriers to entry of market. ?Domestic market. ?Size advantages. ?Work inefficiencies. ?Online presence ?Supply chains that are weak ?Lack of scale as cost per unit of output is quite high. ?Structure of cost that are high compared to competitors. OPPORTUNITIES THREATS ?Online market. ?New products ?New services ?Increasing income levels ?International expansion. ?Venture capital ?Increment in labor costs ? Currency tends to make gambling investment complicated. ?Regulations from the government ?Fast rising competition and lower profitability. ?Tax charges. ?Business risks from external environment. Every customer and guest that goes to gambling spots or facilities always looks to have an exceptional experience. An experience that keeps them coming to this facilities even if they will always leave with little money than they came in with. This therefore calls for good customer service and innovativeness in the way the customers are treated. Change in the gambling industry is difficult. Customers do not want to play new games or gamble on new things that they have no knowledge of. This aspect is the same to everybody as no person is open to change unless it is a major or there is some good reason to change (Baird, 2002). Due to this, when managers in gambling facilities try to develop a new customer service culture among employees, it fails or does not happen quickly. Change in gambling facilities takes THE GAMBLING INDUSTRY 5 a high repetition level and people need to be interested in it. Therefore for customers to adapt to new changes and like them, the gambling facilities owners should make the change to be very interesting to both the employees and consumers. Trained employees in gambling facilities are an important asset. Most gambling facilities choose the best candidates to fill in their empty job positions but fail to train them on how to handle customers and heighten their experience in the gambling facilities. Gambling facilities should invest in training programs for their employees so that customers get to experience good customer service. Hiring and firing of employees’ wastes a lot of time and funds, and many gambling facilities do this (Baird, 2002). The training programs should be involving and fun for the employees being trained for them to grasp every aspect of the program. Good training program translates to good customer service and great customer satisfaction which is good for business. Improving retention strategies for consumers in gambling is one area that needs improvement. If these strategies are improved, the gamblers’ lifetime value and loyalty is increased and guaranteed. Improving the efficiency of customer service is one such strategy. The gamblers can also be motivated by boosting their confidence. Customer experience can also be advanced by introducing mobile applications and social media platforms that allow the gamblers and the gambling joint owners to interact. This boosts the confidence of the customers and encourages them to visit the gambling joints whether physically or through online services. The gambling industry has its own strategic evaluation marked with its own goals and objectives. The industry has recommendations on gambling research methods, ways to educate and prevent harm to gamblers and treatment. Within the gambling industry, research is being THE GAMBLING INDUSTRY 6 done to identify and minimize the risks and harms associated with high stake, high prize gaming machines and support for harm prevention strategies and projects (â€Å"Responsible Gambling†, 2012). The following are the goals for gambling industries via their strategic evaluation: creating public awareness to the general public mass of the potential and associated risks with gambling. This is by informing the mass about the problem of gambling issues and helping them know responsible gambling and making them aware of ways to make healthy choices. This is through education and training. Another goal is to deliver gambling in a manner that promotes responsible gambling and informed choices among gamblers and potential gamblers. This is can be backed up by developing policies that encourage responsible gambling and improving the skills and knowledge about responsible gambling among gamblers. Finally, the industry tries to provide treatment and support to those gamblers impacted by the problem of gambling (â€Å"Ministry of Public Safety†, 2011). Barriers to effective strategic evaluation in the gambling industry include; high taxes that gambling companies are charged by the government, intense competition and the rising labor costs. High taxes levied against the industries tend to make it hard for the companies to make their evaluations effective as most of the money assembled is charged by the government in form of tax. Intense competition amongst the gambling companies also acts as a barrier to evaluation as some companies are facing reduced profits from losing customers. The high cost of labor tends to reduce the profit levels of the companies too. With increased labor requirement for growth and the increase in labor costs, gambling firms are facing a loss of some funds. With the free and global access to the internet, the gambling industry can use this medium as a way to make their strategies effective. Some industries have built platforms on the THE GAMBLING INDUSTRY 7 internet such as websites where they can reach their customers from anywhere in the world. Online gambling games can also be created. Applications that can be installed on mobile phones and computers are being developed to enable gamblers to play their favorite games on their accessories. References Hoovers. (n. d). Gambling Report Summary. Retrieved from http://www. hoovers. com/industry- facts. gambling. 1431. html Martin Baird. (2002). Seven Keys to Improving Casino Guest Service. Retrieved from http://www. urbino. net/articles. cfm? specificArticle=Seven%20Keys%20to%20Improving %20Casino%20Guest%20Service Jueves.(2013). Casinos in the World: SWOT Analysis. Retrieved from http://casinosintheworld. blogspot. com/2013/02/swot-analysis. html THE GAMBLING INDUSTRY 8 Responsible Gambling Strategy Board. (2012). Responsible gambling strategy prioritises its focus for the next three years. Retrieved from http://www. rgsb. org. uk/press- releases/responsible-gambling-strategy-prioritises-its-focus-for-the-next-three-years. html Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. (2011). B. C. ’s Responsible Gambling Strategy and Three Year Plan (2011/12 – 2013/14). Retrieved from https://www. gaming. gov. bc. ca/reports/docs/plan-rg-three-yr-2011-2014. pdf.

Bullet in the Brain by Tobias Wolff Essay

â€Å"Bullet in the Brain† is a short story written by Tobias Wolff. The story is about a book critic named Anders, while waiting in a long line at the bank he is the victim of an armed robbery and gets shot and killed. The story is divided in to two parts, and this division allows the reader to see a contrast between two parts of main character’s personality. I want to argue in this essay that the combination of Anders love of words and negative past experiences are what led to his death, and demonstrate the contrast of Anders wisdom when he was younger ,and innocence when he was older, as a consequence of that combination. In the first part of the story when Anders is waiting in line, he’s witness to an armed robbery and he is sarcastic and cynical until he got shot in the head. In the second part the bullet inside Anders brain slows down time to let the reader witness the negative past experience that made him such a cynical sarcastic and childish person that he was when he got shot. I will start from the second part of the plot when he got shot. In this part of the story we see more sides to Anders character. We have a short summary of Anders past experience in life that made him so cynical and sarcastic like he is to the point he got shot. The highlight of the second part is that the writer made a list of memories that Anders would not remember, the readers, have a better perspective to Anders personality: â€Å"He did not remember his first lover, Sherry, or what he had most madly loved about her, before it came to irritate him-her unembarrassed carnality, and especially the cordial way she had with his unit, which she called Mr. Mole As in ‘Uh-oh, looks like Mr. Mole wants to play†. This is an example of Anders personality when he loves a woman and adores her choice of words of how she called he’s genital and gets him irritated after a while. Anders did not remembered his wife whom he had also loved before she exhausted him with her predictability†. Another example of someone he loved that he got tired of. â€Å" Anders did not remembered his dying mother saying of his father ‘I should have stabbed him in his sleep†. Another example of a negative experiences that accrued Anders that left a mark and vanished his innocent and made him bitter. The highlight of this part of the plot is a memory of a much earlier moment in his life that shows a contrast to the cynical, sarcastic character whose comments cost his life. As a boy, Anders accepted and admired the musical qualities of someone’s faulty grammar and had the wisdom not to ask the Coyle’s cousin to repeat his words that the other kids wont think him as a jerk, but as an adult Anders seems only to find these flaws as a kind of noise and had no wisdom to keep he’s mouth shut as expected from him. Here, we see a memory evoked at the moment of impact. â€Å"Some one asks the cousin what position he wasn’t to play. ‘Shortstop’. The boy says, â€Å"shortstop the best position they is†. Anders turns and look at him. He wants to hear Coyle’s cousin repeat what he’s just said, thought he knows better than to ask. the others will think that he is a jerk, ragging the kid for his grammar. But that isn’t it, Anders is strangely roused, elated by those final two words. Their pure unexpectedness, and their music. He takes the field in a trance, repeating them to himself. † Here we see what Anders is actually enthusiastic about, and likes the words for their music, even though they are grammatically wrong, as he repeats them to himself it puts him into a trance in the field. Here he celebrates the simple unexpected usage of words that sounds beautiful to his ear. In the first part the reader gets to know Anders the book critic, His known for the â€Å"weary, elegant, savagery with which he dispatched almost everything he reviewed. † he’s character is very cynical, sarcastic and arrogant. Through out the story Anders was sarcastic, cynical and criticizing everything, that was the cause of his death. In the beginning when he is waiting in line, in the bank, one of the tellers closes her position, Anders was listing to the woman in front of him complaining: â€Å"Oh that’s nice. One of them said, she turned to Anders and added, confident of his accord, â€Å"one of those little human touches that keep us coming back for more†. Anders had convinced his own towering hatred of the teller, but he immediately turned it on the presumptuous crybaby in front of him. †Damned unfair† he said â€Å"tragic really if they are not chopping off the wrong leg or bombing your ancestral village they closing their position. She stood her ground. â€Å"I didn’t say it was tragic,† she said â€Å"I just think it’s a pretty lousy way to treat your customers†. â€Å"Unforgivable† Anders said. â€Å"Heaven will take note†. Even though that Anders was upset from the position closing, he took his anger out on the lady in front of him by being sarcastic, cynical and arrogant. It’s ironic that Anders said â€Å"Heaven take note† and in the end he is the one that got shot. We witness how the love of words get Anders to react in a careless way: â€Å" Keep your big mouth shut! † the man with the pistol said, thought no one had spoken a word. â€Å"One of you tellers hit the alarm, you’re all dead meat†. â€Å"Oh, bravo† Anders said, â€Å"’Dead meat’†. He turned to the woman in front of him. † Great script, eh? The stern, brass-knuckled poetry of the dangerous classes. Anders critic of the robber’s choice of words makes him act in away if like he is the audience of a bad play and shares he’s critic with the ladies a front of him. Anders mocks the robbers and feels superior to them by saying: †The stern, brass-knuckled poetry of the dangerous classes. †. This is evidence that proof how passion Anders is for words and is not aware of any danger that might happen. When the robbers addresses Anders:†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ hey! Bright boy! Did I tell you to talk? ’ â€Å"No†, Anders said. â€Å"Then shut your trap†. â€Å"Did you hear that? † Anders said. â€Å"’ Bright boy’. Right out of the killers†. Anders is mocking the robbers choice of words, instead of be quiet like an adult should behave in this kind of situation, but he is behaving childishly and risk himself and the people that are next to him. Anders got the robbers attention and they made him look up the ceiling, he couldn’t help it, even when the robbers are pointing a gun to him and warned him a few time Anders started to laugh at the robbers face and got shot. : â€Å" ‘What’s so funny, bright boy? ’ ‘Nothing’. ‘You think I’m comical? You think m some kind of a clown? ’ ‘No’. ‘Fuck with me again, your history, capiche? ’ Anders burst out laughing. Covered his mouth with both of his hands and said, â€Å" I’m sorry, I’m sorry† than snorted helplessly through his fingers and said: â€Å"Capiche-oh, God , capiche. † And at that the man with the pistol raised the pistol and shot Anders right in the head†. This moment in the plot emphasize my argument, Anders love of words with his negative past experience is what led him to his death in the bank and he couldn’t help him self to get out of it. If this situation happen when Anders was a child he probably wouldn’t say a word to the robbers, but as an adult he couldn’t act wise and shut up.

Cyber law Essay

The problem of identity theft has become one of the fastest emerging phenomenal crimes in America and has inevitably been increasing exponentially worldwide (McDonald, 2006). It is a fraudulent act of acquiring the legally certified personal identifiers and other personal information essential to carry out impersonation to obtain merchandises, services and crimes (McDonald, 2006). And being a high-reward low-risk activity and an equal-opportunity crime, it could victimize anyone regardless of age, class and race (McDonald, 2006). It is likely a full package undertaking which offers an easier way of committing crimes, while providing lucrative returns and living in anonymity and minimal jeopardy of detection (McDonald, 2006). Identity theft is far different from a mere crime. It is a tailored crime from established crimes of forgery, check and credit card fraud, counterfeiting, computer scam, impersonation, and pick-pocketing (McDonald, 2006). However, the most challenging face of identity theft is its potential to international terrorism (McDonald, 2006). Accordingly, identity theft crimes are under the jurisdiction of various agencies. Among the agencies associated to such crime includes the local police, FBI, Postal Inspection Service, Secret Service, Homeland Security, motor vehicle departments, and local government agencies (McDonald, 2006). Various coping mechanism were later on initiated. Conversely, police, victim assistance advocates, and private agencies worked independently, without looking at each others roles or collaborating to develop a wide-range and valuable means of answering and counteracting such crime (McDonald, 2006). With the United States Congress’ enactment of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-318, 112 Stat. 3007, a basic foundation on identity theft was established. It classified identity theft as a federal crime when a person deliberately uses credentials of another person, with no legal authority to commit or aid any illegal action that normally constitutes a violation of Federal, State or local law (McDonald, 2006). It also called for the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to institute a clearinghouse for information and statistics on identity theft (Dworaczyk, 2004). However, this federal statute rarely prosecutes violations of state laws. Most laws regarding such crimes focuses on three subjects such as criminal penalties for particular offenses, prerequisites for the credit industry to incorporate specific information in credit reports or to limit the right to credit and credit reports, and personal data confidentiality (Dworaczyk, 2004). Existing laws respond to identity theft by providing criminal penalties for particular offenses. And such laws and suggestions for further changes are largely intended to trim down incidents of identity theft by enhancing identification of cases during such occurrence, and to facilitate further investigation and prosecution (Dworaczyk, 2004). In December 2003, another effort of the Congress to solve identity theft marked through the enactment of a law on credit transactions (Dworaczyk, 2004). In July 2004, the federal government furthered the identity theft laws by amending additional and extended prison sentences in relation to particular federal crimes (Dworaczyk, 2004). Identity theft crime hold an utmost punishment of 15 years imprisonment, a fine, and criminal forfeiture of private property used to execute the offense. As of June 2001, 43 states had already enacted statutes creating identity theft a crime. Such statutes enforce various penalties for identity theft. Normally, the penalties are base on the total dollar amount of damage resulting from the theft. Thefts concerning minor losses are considered as misdemeanors, while larger financial losses are regarded as felonies of different degrees (Foley, 2003). Local police ought to verify whether such a statute exists and what that statute provides. Other states are also taking into consideration of having related laws on such crime. Victims of such crime are also protected under federal and state law. Victims are entitled to have protections from being accountable for illegal undertakings, or other illegitimate behavior conducted by identity thieves (Newman, 2004). More so, they also received rights concerning the truthfulness of their credit reports. In Texas, laws addressing identity theft centers on compelling agencies to provide security alerts and freezes. Such action increases the avenue for identity theft prosecution and limiting showing credit card and Social Security numbers (Dworaczyk, 2004). In Connecticut, the state enacted the Public Act 03-156 in 2003, which forced regulated penalties for identity theft violations, established measures to aid victims; and required businesses to modify certain procedures to hinder identity theft. Other statutes relevant with identity theft are the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA), and the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act (Dworaczyk, 2004). The FCRA (Codified at 15 U. S. C.  § 1681 et seq. ), standardizes the compilation, dissemination, and use of consumer credit information. However, the foundation of customer rights to credit was structured and formulated alongside with the FDCPA or the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. And being an amendment to FCRA, the FACTA, Pub. L. 108-159, 111 Stat. 1952. , provided provisions to help lessen identity theft crimes, such as the capacity for a person to put alerts on their credit records if such crime is assumed, thus making falsified applications harder to execute. The Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act, Pub. L. 108-275, 118 Stat. 831, on the other hand, characterizes penalties for identity theft crimes (18 U. S. C. Sec. 1028A (a)). It also furthers providing penalties for those that hold information in conducting the crime, not considering if they themselves essentially use the information to take an identity. In 2003, Chief Darrel Stephens of North Carolina Police Department conducted a survey on the degree of preparedness of major police organizations. It showed that there were no standardized and effective law enforcement practices in the rising cases of identity theft (McDonald, 2006). In February of the same year, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), together with the Division of Public Safety Leadership (DPSL) at Johns Hopkins University, and the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA) conducted a project to scrutinize identity theft issues and provide recommendations for a national strategy for policy makers and to classify best procedures for practitioners (McDonald, 2006). The components that comprise the national strategy for law enforcement includes specific actions on the following areas: partnerships and collaboration, reporting procedures, victim assistance, public awareness, legislation, information protection and training (McDonald, 2006). Moreover, in May 2006, an Executive Order signed by the President emphasized the creation of an Identity Theft Task Force, focusing to acquire a harmonized strategic plan to fight identity theft. Specifically, it was created to provide sound recommendations on improving the efficacy of the federal government’s actions in areas of recognition, prevention, detection, and prosecution (McDonald, 2006). It is notable that substantive efforts were carried out by the government in combating the growing number of identity theft crimes. Nonetheless, a lot of changes and reforms ought to be done. And enhancing the training for law enforcement officers and prosecutors was just one part of the picture to acquire a full understanding of the problem of identity theft. With a very limited data on law enforcement efforts regarding identity theft, it would be difficult to achieve a better view on the nature of the crime. The working unit then considered incorporating further surveys and statistics like the National Crime Victimization Survey. It also looked to evaluate U. S. Sentencing Commission data on related cases, pursue federal prosecutions and the quantity of resources spent, and perform target surveys to enrich law enforcement information on identity theft response and prevention activities (Dworaczyk, 2004). It is indeed impossible to have all personal information confidential; therefore, eradicating completely such crime of identity theft would be difficult. Newman (2004) identified local factors that could be done to minimize or prevent identity theft, which is divided into two sections: prevention and victim assistance. In terms of prevention, among the specific responses include the following: 1. Improving business understanding of their accountability to guard employee and client records. To protect records and databases, businesses could institute security procedures by developing a comprehensive privacy policy with liable information-handling. Consistent staff training and orientation on appropriate information protection and employee background checks could also help. 2. Information and education campaign on information protection. The internet provides a wide array of information on identity theft. And to maximize information dissemination, tap the various community organizations such as schools, community centers and organizations, consumer advocacy groups, neighborhood associations, and other community service groups. 3. Working hand-in-hand with government and various organizations to watch over private information. Although, awareness on identity theft had increased considerably, organizations should still support efforts to lessen the function of social security numbers as identifiers, which is very usual on health insurance cards. Agency personnel ought to be regularly reminded of the possible risks in negligent use of private information. 4. Operating with local banks to persuade credit card issuers to accept better security measures. Working closely with local banks would make it simple to set up actions for victims to repair the harm done, and have the accounts working again. Influence local banks and businesses to pressure credit card companies to verify credit card purchases by asking for additional ID, encourage customers to have passwords or attach photographs or other authentication indicators on credit accounts, and adopting better identity verification when changes are indicated with his or her credit report. 5. Tracking delivery. Product and document deliveries are fulcrum to identity theft. Building a good relationship with delivery companies and postal inspectors could be helpful to trace items to thieves. Post office and delivery companies could instruct staff members to take note of deliveries to houses that are unoccupied or up for trade, notice license renewal and credit card reports that turn to unknown addresses and also to preserve various application records. However, in terms of victim assistance, possible actions could be summarized into: 1. Moving with the victim. Being an emotionally and psychologically upsetting crime, an open communication between the victims and the police could be the key. Law enforcers ought to recognize how consumers are protected, and offer victims with educational materials that could clarify their rights and the ways on how to assert them. Police must write an incident report and provide the victim a copy of his own to avoid any trouble in filing an affidavit. The victim should acquire the Identity Theft Victim Guide. This summarizes how to prepare for the investigation procedure and the possible steps to take. Also, propose a written draft of the case to be prepared by the victim, which includes all the relevant information that could be used. Update also the victim on how the procedure of being â€Å"behind the scenes† of a fraud investigation would be like. More so, ensure that the victims comprehend and exercise their rights under the federal laws and record the complaint information into the FTC’s Identity Theft Data Clearinghouse. 2. Formulating a plan to avoid or curtail the harm of identity theft. In cases, where personal records or employee and client databases have been violated, police and other law enforcers must operate promptly to lessen the opportunity the thief has to exploit the stolen identities. Employees could be given information packets on technical know-how’s to read credit reports and safeguard their identities and minimize further damage. Workshops for employees also provide helpful information. REFERENCE IACP National Law Enforcement Policy Center. 2002. Identity Theft. Concepts and Issues Paper. Washington St. , Alexandria. Economic Crime Institute. 2003. Identity Fraud: A Critical National and Global Threat. White Paper. A Joint Project of the Economic Crime Institute of Utica College and LexisNexis.. http://www. ecii. edu/identity_fraud. pdf (accessed June 8, 2007) Graeme R. Newman, 2004. Identity Theft. Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem- Specific Guides Series No. 25. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U. S. Department of Justice, http://www. cops. usdoj. gov/mime/open. pdf? Item=1271 (accessed June 8, 2007) Kelly Dworaczyk, 2004. Combating Identity Theft. Focus Report. House Research Organization. Texas House of Representative, http://www. hro. house. state. tx. us/focus/identity78-18. pdf (accessed June 8, 2007) L. Foley. 2003. Enhancing Law Enforcement–Identity Theft Communication. Identity Theft Resource Center. http://www.. idtheftcenter. org (accessed June 8, 2007) Phyllis P. McDonald, 2006. A national strategy to combat identity theft. Johns Hopkins University. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U. S. Department of Justice, http://www. securitymanagement. com/library/identity_theft1006. pdf (accessed June 8, 2007)

Computer Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Project - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to thoroughly examine the issue of web sites, by using three in particular: Moodle, ATutor, and EduTools. By discussing the relevant issues of these three sites, we can come to a clearer and more knowledgeable understanding of the subject matter at hand. This is what will be dissertated in the following. This website is a course management system, and considers itself to be "a free, open source software package designed using sound pedagogical principles, to help educators create effective online learning communities." (Moodle, 2006). The basic information that this site tried to cover was the presenting of facts, as well as the stating of certain opinions. All the information appeared to be kept up-to-date, and although the layout was rather simple and basic, it was direct and provided the information it needed to. This site presented a balanced view of many different perspectives, while remaining to be consistent in its manner. It was extremely easy to navigate through this site; whether you had visited this site before or not, it is laid out analytically in order to coincide with easy navigation. The information on this site was in regards to the services it offers, which is online tutoring. ATutor is "an open source web-based Learning Content Management System (LCMS) designed with accessibility and adaptability in mind." (ATutor, 2006). This site offered an incredible array of information, as well as a variety of forums, projects, and discussion topics. The site was simplistic and straight forward yet detailed and full of information. The site presents the audience with a completely balanced view, especially due to the vast array of topic selection. There was even a questionnaire which was asking visitors questions in an attempt to better the site to fit people's needs. The site was incredibly easy to navigate, and flowed together impeccably. The design, the layout, and the wording were all dynamic and interesting - both incredibly important elements in a web page, because this is what will get visitors to stay and check it out. My overall opinion of this site is a positive one. I found it visibly appealing, easy to navigate through and yet at the same time indefinitely informational. In regards to how the site could be improved, I actually do not believe there is any sort of adjustment that should be made. The site discusses thoroughly about its products and services, why you should get these products and services for yourself, and on the home page alone answers any and all basic and fundamental questions about its system. Easy navigation, an overall appealing web design layout, and proper update maintenance makes this site close to impeccable. EduTools This final site was definitely my least favorite of the three. The home page is incredibly basic and drab, and there is not enough information offered. The site presented a brief summary of the facts, stating that "EduTools provides independent reviews, side-by-side comparisons, and consulting services to assist decision-making in the e-learning community." (EduTools, 2006).

Project Management of Hamza BioDiesel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Management of Hamza BioDiesel - Essay Example Activity C can commence thereafter for prompt completion as well. Once activities B and C are completed, activity F can commence. All the resources will be diverted to this activity so that subsequent delays can be contained. This will ensure that the process does not exceed the current length of the critical path. Thus, activity F will be completed latest on the 14th week. Presumably, activity D can commence and be completed within one week (latest 21st week). The management consultant may have considered the main roads leading to major cities. People driving to major cities are definitely going to spend time and money on the establishment. They could be nationals or foreigners who are on business trips in the cities. Therefore, setting up petrol stations on those roads will enable them to meet the fuel needs of the drivers. While drivers refuel in their vehicles, they could refresh themselves with soft drinks and foodstuffs provided in the establishment. The management might also have considered the purchasing power of the targeted consumers. Inhabitants of major cities and their environs have a relatively higher purchasing power than their counterparts in the outskirts or rural areas have. Putting up the stations on roads leading to the major cities will definitely tap the spending power of these consumers. The stations will also have competitive prices for their products dictated by the purchasing power of the consumers. This project hopes to create a sustainable source of income. In addition, the management might also have considered the nature of goods and services preferred by the target group. Consumers in these areas use goods and services at relatively higher prices than other parts of the country. This is why it was suggested that they stock ready-to-eat foods, wines, and spirits, which are a luxury as opposed to a necessity.

Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example In most business, risks are often associated with each venture that entities partake. Logically, every endeavour can be affected by several stressors and will result to unsure forecasts. Indeed, firms are unaware of the exact benefits that an investment despite the forecasts provided by financial analysts. In determining the return that investments will likely provide, organisations make use of cash flows. Comparing the cash the flowed out from the investment to the cash that flowed in because of the investment appears to be a near accurate approach that results to better understanding of investment returns. Basically, there are certain tools and mechanisms used by firms to justify the use of cash flows. In particular, discounted multi-period risky cash flows are used to determine benefits coming from investments. Accordingly, the capital asset pricing model is one option that most financial analysts prefer. The succeeding discussions will tackle on the use of capital asset pricing model as basis for discounted multi-period risky cash flows. The prevalence of investments has led to several ideas particularly on the side showing benefits attributed to such activities. For investors, it is important to determine the exact amount that will be gained from the investment. Essentially, there were several methods developed to address this need. Taggart (1999) created capital budgeting analysis model that makes use of the discounted cash flow. Accordingly, this model enables investors to forecast the values of cash flow components. Among the models, this is considered as widely used because of the perceived precision. Another useful model was developed by Mahoney and Kelliher (1999), which focuses on the capital budgeting model that integrates uncertainty in the cash flow estimates. Using the Monte Carlo simulation, the model can serve as a practical and useful tool. The model, however, is embedded with higher level of complexity that can affect capital budgeting decisions. Moreover, Winston (1998) devised a model for multi-period capital budgeting using Silver Tool, which is an application in Excel. The model provides several advantages including selection of the best project considering all constraints and circumstances. Aside from the mentioned models, Ragsdale (2001) illustrated a model that uses Solver to determine optimal combination of capital budgeting investments as affected by capital constraints and maximising the Net Present Value. In this process, optimal selection of investment is ascertained considering vital risks that include the probability of success of minimum and maximum revenues with the other aspects previously mentioned. Data tables, as showed by Benninga (2000) can be used in capital budgeting analysis. The process involves computing for the point estimate of NPV, and the NPV is calculated using predetermined growth rates. The results are useful in evaluating the risk of the project with the given NPV ranges. Interestingly, Mayes and Shank (2001) focused on the use of different applications for capital budgeting analysis. This involves the collaboration of the models presented earlier in this discussion. Part of their model was to incorporate risk-adjusted discount rates and Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate project risks. According to Fama (1970), multi-period investment consumption can be associated with an individual's

Design an Adoption Agreement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Design an Adoption Agreement - Case Study Example ipants Compensation not to exceed the limits imposed by Sections 401(k), 402(g), 404, and 415 of the Code in effect at the beginning of such taxable year for example, In safe harbor 401(k) plans, all necessary employer aids are always 100 percent bestowed. D. Yes the employer will be making matching contributions because the Actual contribution percentage (ACP) test requires that the employee and matching contributions provided for highly compensated employees be proportional to those for no highly compensated employee. I. Yes a participant may request a distribution of his or her elective deferrals on account of hardship pursuant to the hardship per sue rule since the amount of elective contributions available for a hardship distribution cannot be more than the amount of the employees total elective contribution. A participant may make changes to the investment within his / her individual account quarterly since the rules impose a minimum on the frequency of changes among the three core investment options, requiring at least quarterly changes (Heneghan et al, 2007). An automatic admission 401(k) plan allows you to automatically register employees and place deductions from their incomes in certain default investments, unless the worker elects otherwise. This is an effective way for many bosses to increase their contribution in their 401(k)

Is God a Man or a Woman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is God a Man or a Woman - Essay Example The Upanishadic texts (like some of the earlier Vedic texts) are primarily concerned with acquiring knowledge of the "soul", "spirit" and "god". The Upanishadic concept of God was abstract and philosophical. Different Upanishadic texts postulated the doctrine of an Universal Soul that embraced all physical beings. All life emanated from this universal soul and death simply caused individual manifestations of the soul to merge or mingle back with the universal soul.. The Hindu philosophy of the Atman and Paramatman finds its basis from this scientific concept. As a corollary to this theory emerged the notion that even as individual beings might refer to this universal soul - i.e. God in varied ways - by using different names and different methods of worship - all living beings were nevertheless related to each other and to the universal God, and capable of merging with the universal god. Such an approach was not incompatible with secular society, and permitted different faiths and sub-faiths to coexist in relative peace and harmony. In the course of defining their philosophy, the scholars of the Upanishad period raised several questions that challenged mechanical theism (as was also done in some hymns from the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda). If God existed as the unique creator of the world, they wondered who created this unique creator. The logical pursuit of such a line of questioning could either lead to an infinite series of creators, or to the rejection or abandonment of this line of questioning. The common theist solution to this philosophical dilemma was to simply reject logic and demand unquestioning faith on the part of the believer. A few theists attempted to use this contradiction to their own advantage by positing that god existed precisely because "He" was indescribable by mere mortals. But, by and large, this contradiction was taken very seriously by the philosophers of the Upanishadic period. The Upanishadic philosophers attempted to resolve this contradiction by defining God as an entity that extend ed infinitely in all dimensions covering both space and time. This was a philosophical advance in that it attempted to come to terms with at least the most obvious challenges to the notion of god as a human-like creator and did not require the complete rejection of logic. In the very process of their questioning, (and albeit speculative reasoning about god), they had opened the door for rationalists and even outright atheists who took their tentative questioning about the role and the character of God as "creator" to conclusions that rejected theism entirely. But in either case, many rationalist and/or naturalist philosophical streams emerged from this initial foundation. Some were nominally theistic (but in the abstract Upanishadic vein), others were agnostic (as the early Jains), while the early Buddhists and the Lokayatas were atheists. Buddhism, on the other hand is basically a religion of the mind, of the present moment awareness, of leading a virtuous and responsible life, and of the individual who is in search of an answer to the problems of change, impermanence and suffering within the confines of his own experience as a practitioner of the Eightfold path. The tenets of Buddhism are not centered around the concept of an universal supreme being, who in other religions, is responsible for

Legislation, Health and Safety and Regulations Essay

Legislation, Health and Safety and Regulations - Essay Example In every organization, it is important that Health and Risk mitigation procedures follow a recursive procedure as shown in the figure below as this will ensure that necessary actions are taken to prevent and control the occurrence of accidents in the workplace. Figure 1: Health and safety in the workplace Source: http://www.snh.org.uk/uplandpathmanagement/img/imagex11.gif Telecom data centre has had the same H&S procedures for the last 10 years. As the new H&S manager, I intend come up with new procedures that will be beneficial to both the company and the workforce. This report will be passed on to the managing director for consideration. It will consider proposed alteration in two areas; Risk assessment and health and safety policies, which will be both beneficial to the company and the work force. First aid, accidents and ill health risk assessment, in addition to, health and safety policies, are two of the main areas that need to be reviewed, which will be both beneficial to the company and the work force. Policies never been renewed for the last ten years and therefore they have become obsolete. Their renewal will help shed some light to the board of directors on personal protective equipment, staff training and consultation, in terms of health and safety policies for both employees and the company. ... Therefore, the employers should make sure that their products are safe as well as provides information on safety precautions to be adhered to while using the products. However, the employees should take precautions for their safety. Telecom data centre has not renewed its first aid, accidents and ill health risk assessment, and health and safety policies for the last ten years and therefore, as the new manager of the company, I would recommend some of new procedures and indicate why and how the new procedures are more beneficial to the company and the workforce. Risk assessment The UK Health and Safety legislation clearly sets out duties of employers and other members of public as well as employees to themselves and each other. In other words, an employee is required to take precautions in order to reduce or avoid risks in the workplace. All employees should take look at the risks and take sensible measures on them. Risk assessment should therefore, be straightforward in workplace. T he Telecom data centre risk assessment policies are complicated and only deals with serious hazards. Both the employers and employees in the company have a tendency of not recording their significant findings on any risk assessments. Telecom data centre should therefore, assess all the risk in their work place and provide training to their employees. This is because, recently, the company has neglected this issue and no training programs are available for employees to learn about risks as well as prevent themselves. The UK law requires that employers should carry out a risk assessment in order to set up any emergency procedures as well as provide clear training and information to

Auditing theory and practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing theory and practice - Essay Example fy these weaknesses or considered as risks associated with these financial statements, we perform comparative year-on-year and ratio analyses which may be effective for us to identify possible problem areas for additional analysis and audit testing and for which we can provide other assistance. Among other: The company’s short-term debt paying ability. We analyse the company’s liquidity status, such as its current ratio is 1.28 (lower than 1.31 in 2004) but it indicates that the company should have sufficient fund to pay its short-term debts. Our calculation also indicates that the company will be able collect the amount owed by its customers, except the average day of collecting payment of 82 days (15 days longer than the previous year). This may have an affect on negative cash flow. Since the company does not have sufficient cash to meet its short-term obligations, the company may consider lengthening the time it takes to convert less liquid assets into cash. Short-term liquidity. The company’s balance sheet shows that it has negative cash balance. It is likely that the company or that the record shows that the company cannot meet its obligation. Therefore, its debt-paying ability would be the length of time it takes the company to convert its current assets into cash. The company’s balance sheet indicates a huge amount of bank overdraft. In case of necessary, the company has 2.5 times cash turnover rate (down by .89), 4.36 times of receivables turnover rate (down by .94), can recover the value of its fixed assets 51.17 (down from 56.93), and over all, 2.5 times (down from 3.2) chance to convert its assets into cash to cover bank over draft. With the absence of inventory, it may be possible that the company is having inventory obsolescence problem. Ability to meet long-term debt obligations. The company’s debt-to-equity ratio is 3.35, down from 3.97 in 2004. There is a possibility that the company would be able to raise fund through borrowing.

Confessional poetry Essay Example for Free

Confessional poetry Essay Like almost all of Aristotles recommendations in the Poetics, the unity of action is grounded in what a hypothetical viewer is likely to see and, more important, to believe. Tragedys formal coherence, in other words, is itself tested and therefore relies for its ability reliably to produce its defining effects upon its phenomenological consistency with a hypothetically pre-aesthetic concept of human nature. Despite his contention that poetry and politics may employ different standards of correctness, both are ultimately subject to the fundamental structure of center and periphery. In fact, it is the unity of action by which aesthetic representation accesses rituals spellbinding and emotionally charged effects. As Gans writes, Discourse, as it emerged from ritual, was temporalized, as was ritual; its own duration followed the irreversible progress of the rite, which itself followed that of the original event. . . Discourse operates within the temporal limits of the original crisis/resolution, which, whether it last a few hours or a few days, is of necessity extremely short in relation to the normal life span of its participants. . . . The elaboration of ritual is less a prolongation of the critical moment than the addition to it of other episodes. Significance is thus originally a short-term phenomenon, which we may assume to follow more or less the time scheme of a drama, where the speeches of the characters occupy a real time of interaction (Origin of Language 243, 288). Aristotle anticipates Gans in grounding the significance (or, to use his word, beauty) of literary discourse in a ritually derived temporality. As Aristotle writes in Section 7: Beginning is that which does not necessarily follow on something else, but after it something else naturally is or happens; end, the other way round, is that which naturally follows on something else, either necessarily or for the most part, but nothing else after it; and middle that which naturally follows on something else and something else on it (30). To make the connections between aesthetic contemplation and ritual participation too explicit, however, is to risk falling into what Aristotle might have called the Platonic fallacy. Hence his recommendations with respect to the construction of plots tend to de-emphasize the perceptual elements most closely associated with originary representation. The three elements of plot, according to Aristotle, are peripety, recognition, and pathos, which he defines as a destructive or painful act, such as deaths on stage, paroxysms of pain, woundings, and all that sort of thing (37). The emotions aroused by pathos play a paradoxical role in Poetics: while he identifies pity and terror as the tragic emotions, the most effective formal means by which they are aroused are, in Aristotles view, the least connected with poetic art. Though the visual adornment of dramatic persons can have a strong emotional effect, this is the least artistic element among the six constituents of tragedy (29); and while it is possible for the fearful or pathetic effect to come from the actors appearance, the mark and characteristic of a better poet is to engender these effects from the very structure of events (40). Again, originary analysis points to how this, one of the most influential of Aristotles literary opinions, can be understood as an attempt to reconcile what increasingly appeared to be the potentially mutual exclusiveness of aesthetic contemplation and ritual participation. The non-instinctual attention of the periphery toward the central object at the originary scene must be, at least initially, captured and sustained (for however brief a time) through the eyes. That is, peripheral identification with the central figure is first visual and then replayed on each individuals internal, imaginary scene of representation. For this reason, ritual retains a primarily visual orientation. Thus, to define aesthetic excellence as that which resists the strict mimetic conservatism of ritual is to disconnect even more radically art from its violent origins. Similarly, Aristotles recommendation against reliance on the deus ex machina arises not merely from the organicism of his concept of dramatic plot, but from his perception that the proper phenomenal model for tragedy is not ritual but revelation. The poorest plots, he writes, are those that are contrived by the poet, such as that of Iphigenia, where Orestes says what the poet, rather than the plot, wants him to say in the recognition of his sister. By contrast, the most artistic plots are those that develop naturally but unexpectedly. Ritual is the opposite of revelation, writes Gans in Science and Faith (16). Nothing new must occur there; the only evolution the rite undergoes is the gradual draining away of the truth it was its task to preserve. Rites die and are replaced by others, keepers of new revelations. But these revelations themselves never occur within the framework of ritual; their privileged locus is the individual imagination, whose intuitions are tested only after the fact by the community (16-17). Aristotle thus anticipates Gans in identifying some of the ways in which the aesthetic scenes escape from ritual conservatism enables it to become an important locus for the discovery of fundamental human truths. The durability of Aristotles theory therefore results neither from historic accident nor scholarly conspiracy: discovering that an anthropologically-grounded theory of the sign could sidestep Platos fears about art initiating the contagion of conflictive mimesis enables the classical aesthetic eventually to achieve its logical end point: the exploration the scene of representation qua scene. Aristotles achievement comes not, however, from merely denying the validity of Platos intuited connection of representation and crisis. Both thinkers recognize, as Gans has put it, that [t]he institution of art constitutes an intermediary third term between the minimal institution of language and the maximal one of ritual, and that [l]anguage and ritual are each in their own way coercive (Originary Thinking, 122). Poetry, according to Plato, has ties to the more communally coercive (and therefore threatening) institution of ritual; for Aristotle, it is more closely allied with the individually coercive institution of language. It is significant, however, that Aristotles attempt to rid the aesthetic scene of its Platonic threats never fully succeeds; as Gans writes, [t]hroughout history, Platos qualms about the subversive nature of art alternate with the cathartic claims of Aristotle (Originary Thinking 136). Later literary theorists, 7 especially Horace and Longinus, as we will seewhile they followed Aristotles lead in centering their discussions around mimesis, found themselves having to steer between the Scylla of arts violent origins and the Charybdis of the emotional lassitude of a scenic center devoid of its specifically sacred power. Although, as Gans argues, the relative importance of the Platonic and Aristotelian attitudes depends upon the balance of centrality and decentralization within a given society (Originary Thinking 136), the most famous ancient literary critics maintained the belief that the positions were interchangeable by falling into sacred ambivalence: the unwillingness to further Aristotles desacralization of the aesthetic scene. II. Horace Consider, for example, Horaces Ars Poetica. Both in form and content, this treatise on the craft (techne) of poetic composition is predominantly Aristotelian: like that of the Poetics, the argument of Ars Poetica unfolds according to the prescribed succession of poesis, poema, and poeta (Atkins 70). Both works, moreover, identify unity as the essential determinant of literary quality. During the renaissance, in fact, neoclassical critics frequently spoke of the two as if there were no differences between them: concerning the so-called unity of place, writes Pierre Corneille in Of the Three Unities, I can find no rule. For all their concurrences, however, there is an important difference between Aristotle and Horace. Whereas the former makes only one fleetingand rather dismissivereference to the question of poetic inspiration, the latter devotes a considerable number of words to the elucidation of the temperamental qualities that conduce to literary genius. Horaces contribution to classical literary criticism thus consists of neither an elaboration of the theory of representation nor the practice of poetry, but of his subtle, even hesitant reminders of the poets cult of personality. For Aristotle, Sophocles greatness as a poet is demonstrated a posteriori, the result of his having produced the perfect tragedy, Oedipus Rex. Horace, on the other hand, takes what would no doubt have struck Aristotle as a step back toward the Platonic fallacy by reviving both mystery and violence as indispensable elements of poetic craft. In Ion, Plato had offered the characteristically mythicizing statement that all good poets, epic as well as lyric, compose their beautiful poems not by art, but because they are inspired and possessed (Adams 14). Though Horace does not go quite that far in this anti-Aristotelian direction, his very willingness to consider whether a praiseworthy poem be the creation of nature or of art (Adams 74) indexes his dissatisfaction with what Gans has called Aristotles patently demystifying gesture of identifying the human with the central (Originary Thinking, 135). Though Horace refuses to commit himself explicitly to either side of the craft/inspiration controversyFor my part I do not see what study can do without a rich vein of native gift, nor what the native gift can do without culture (74)other elements of the essay indicate that he may have felt inspiration to be more important than he is willing to admit. First, he repeatedly invokes the Muses, indicating that for him poetic composition was still to be undertaken in an attitude of religious seriousness. Second, and even more significant, is 8 Horaces deliberate and detailed attention near the end of the letter to the social influence and temperamental characteristics of the poet. While men were yet savage, writes Horace, Orpheus, the sacred, the mouthpiece of the gods, awed them from bloodshed and the foulness of their living; whence the legend said that he tamed tigers and ravening lions.

Advertising to children Essay Example for Free

Advertising to children Essay Over the last few decades advertising has altered the lives of many and in particular children. Children are susceptible to what they see and are more prone to act on a whim. This research paper will analyse advertising which is aimed at children and will test the following thesis statement Thesis – Advertising misleads children in purchasing goods which they do not need. When you think about this, it may not seem that true. You could argue that you dont know anyone whose fashion or style is influenced by Hollywoods stars. But, you know youve seen people wearing Sean John or JLo brand clothing. Celebrities also influence fashion much more generally. Most fashion trends were either started or influenced by the big stars, says Ramon. Another key component of child intended marketing is the music industry. Stephen Kiehl of the Baltimore Sun says, You could be forgiven for confusing the Number 1 song in the U. S. last week with a commercial. The journalist also mentions that some musical artists are even paid to advertise specific products in their songs. A recent example of this is Petey Pablos song Freak-a-Leak in which the lyrics include, Now I got to give a shout out to Seagrams gin. Cause Im drinkin it and they payin me for it. According to the San Francisco marketing company, Agenda Inc. , 59 brands have been mentioned 645 times in the songs that have made it into the top 20 this year. Another large reservoir of advertising aimed at children is oddly enough, school. Looking right which really means fitting in, is very important for young teenagers, says LaRue- Robinson, a middle school guidance counselor in Forestville, Md. With students caring about how their peers are dressed, moms are beginning to worry; Its gotten really bad now with Tiny Teddies and Cheezels give a balance diet to children (Houlihan, 2005). On the other hand, some advertisements using prize to deceive children to buy their products. The video (Buy me that, too! 1992) explained how the television advertising deceptive children. From the Cereal Giveaways advertising, children can get a complete set of baseball cards easily (Buy me that, too! 1992. But the presenter said 73 boxes to get a good chance only, this result in expenditure increasing for parents (Buy me that, too! 1992). Therefore, television advertising directed at children is not fair, people can not allow deceptive advertising continue to misleading children, it should be forbid. Some people argue that if government do not allowed manufacturers to promote their products on children television, this will lead to destroy of the childrens product industry. This point of view is biased. Word-of-mouth is influencing children buying power. Harry Potter novel now is popular around the world, but the success is not from television advertising, the books themselves became successful are because of word-of-mouth between children (Blades, Gunter Oates cited in Proctor Richards, 2002). Without television advertising, childrens product has been successful in society, Harry Potter gives manufacturers an example that how to achieve success without to promote on children television. Moreover, television advertising is not only method for manufacturers to promote their products. According to the Australia Film Commission report (AFC, 2005), it is estimated the total advertising expenditure with Commercial Economic Advisory Service of Australia (CEASA). Television advertising is not the most important channel for manufacturers in Australia, newspapers is the first choice for manufacturers to promote their products. Also, from the study, manufacturers like to choose radio, magazines and other channels to promote their products (AFC, 2005). Furthermore, 78% of children and adolescents who use the internet do so at home (National Center for Education Statistics, 2003). Internet has become an efficiency way for manufacturers to promote their goods. From the word-of-mouth advertising and study from AFC, people can find the answer easily that forbid the manufacturers to advertise on television will not destroy the childrens product industry. To escape advertising is nearly impossible; brand logos are everywhere. Even in outer space you cant escape it. In 1993 Schwarzeneggers underrated and misunderstood classic, (my opinion, Ill admit it! ) Last Action Hero had its logo painted on a satellite for a large fee, and will circle our planet for the next few thousand years. The soldiers fighting in Iraq, even as I write this, are carrying advertisements; the M-16A2 has a Colt logo stamped into its side, a reminder of who makes that quality weapon. Even in the remotest regions of our world artifacts with recognizable logos are found thanks to care packages. (The Gods Must be Crazy is a wonderful movie on this subject. ) Why do we tolerate such invasions to our lives? Largely because these sorts of advertisements slip under our radar, but also for identification purposes; if you came to my house and saw my entertainment centre, you might know what the DVD player, stereo and the television are, but if you are not familiar with gaming systems, you would have trouble distinguishing the X-Box from the Playstation 2 or the Gamecube. So that type of brand labelling does serve a purpose other than advertising in some cases. There are exceptions to the rule of slapping a logo on everything that we purchase, and a clear boundary that corporations will not cross; furniture. A simple scan of the room Im in shows that that my furniture has nothing denoting where it came from, although I do know that the mattress does have a manufacturers tag on it, my sheets cover it. Out of sight, out of mind. Advertising is becoming more and more a part of our society. The film Minority Report features a scene where advertising is everywhere, and customized to the person. This could be construed as an invasion of privacy, as every purchase of the individual is scrutinized and advertising is personally tailored to that person. This type of information gathering is already being tested in seemingly innocent places. Search for a book on amazon.com and you will get recommendations for other products that you may also be interested in based on your search. (Houlihan, 2005, pg76) Advertisers are also starting to work under our radar. On the Internet, advertisers used to use tracking cookies to find out the places you went, what you purchased online and other information. Soon the pop up ad appeared to annoy just about everyone who saw them. Pop ups were preceded by E-junk mail, dubbed Spam. The problem has moved on to what have been dubbed Spybots programs that integrate into your browser program and report back the web activity to its source. Gator is the most infamous of these. The answer to the thesis statement based on this research paper is yes. To sum up, it is clearly shows that public should outlaw all advertisements that target innocent children. As this is good for childrens health and controls the increasing childhood obesity, and also is of great benefit to the relationship between children and parents. Parents are no longer afraid that children are influenced by unhealthy content of advertisements. Nowadays, more and more countries, like many European Union countries, implement a ban on childrens advertising. Children are a countrys future, protecting their wellbeing and healthy life is the most important responsibility not only for their parents but also for the whole society. References Derived from esbco host – The university of Winnipeg http://libproxy. uwinnipeg. ca/login? URL=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. asp? profile=web CNN. com Health America Australia Film Commission, 2005, what Australians are watching, [Online], Available: http://www. afc. gov. au/gtp/wftvisadrevenue. html [November 24, 2008] Baker, F. 2004, TV-Toy Ad analysis Worksheet, [Online], Available:http://medialit. med. sc. edu/toyadanalysisworksheet. htm [November, 24, 2005]

Comparative Analysis Of Eigrp And Ospf Routing Information Technology Essay

Comparative Analysis Of Eigrp And Ospf Routing Information Technology Essay In this running era of technology, the technology of communication is increasing day by day. The communication networks plays important role to send any information like file or printer sharing, video streaming and voice conferencing etc and these days internet is the best medium to share information remotely and allow people to communicate, collaborate and interact with each other. All this information is managed by communication networks in which Routing Protocols are used to transfer information or packets across internet. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created Routing Protocols by which network is control and able to communicate with each other around world. The main job of Router is to provide best path to packet from source to destination by using various metrics values leading to many different properties of path and then calculated the best path for packet to reach destination in network. The numbers of Routing Protocols are available to manage the network or to connect multiple networks. Internet Protocol (IP) is the most commonly known protocol among all of them and In this thesis two most widely used protocols of intra Domain Routing Protocols will be analysed, which are Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Protocol where as EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary Interior Gateway routing protocol via Distance Vector Protocols and OSPF routing protocol is Link-State Interior Gateway Routing protocol and also consider important protocol for real time applications. C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentsCISCO1841.jpg Fig1[14] C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentsnetworking-router.jpgFig 2[15] Aims and Objectives All routing protocols have different performance in the network so its important to choose the right one for your network and this selection can be done on the basis of network scalibilty, convergence time and bandwidth requirements. In this Project EIGRP and OSPF Routing Protocols are chosen and the comparitive anaysis of these two protocols in real-time trafic will be take place in different senario and evaluating which protocol will give best route real-time trafic. Further in this project, different routing protocols will be discuss as their features and properties and theoritical and simulation analyse will be done with quantative metrics. The Cisco Proprietary EIGRP is based on Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) and its cost is calculated on the basis of delay and bandwidth [3] . on other hand OSPF routing protocol work on the bases of DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM or Shortest Path First (SPF) and the calculation of its cost is based on bandwidth [4]. These protocols uses different algorithm to route the trafic and this can be vary in convergence time and route proccessing delay according to their calculation so this can effect the network performance. To find out which protocol have better performance in large or small network, three different network models will be designed by EIGRP and OSPF routing protocols repectively by network simulator. 1.2 Project Methodology In this project two routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF will be analyse in by three methods:- A network model will be designed with EIGRP and simulation will be done in Cisco Packet Tracer and results will be observed. On the same designed network, OSPF will be impliment and performance will be recorded. And in the last same designed network will be impliment by both OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols to simulate the performance of real-time trafic. Routing Protocols Background Routing Protocols in IP networks are important to transfer data or any packet on time and responsible for sending packets to correct destination address and also these Routing Protocols are intelligent enough to select right information from relevant source and forwarding to destination node via one-hop or multi hop. Routing Protocols in router creates routing table by collecting information from the neighbour router which helps router to calculate the best path to forward the packet. All routing protocols are usually works on layer 3 (network layer). There are many classifications of Routing Protocols for example Static routing, dynamic routing and Link-State routing protocols further classes distance vector routing protocols, RIP, VSLM and CIDR, EIGRP and OSPF. Also these protocols help to build other network communication protocols for example wireless ad-hoc networks and mesh wireless networks and many other. The network in Internet is highly dynamic that is why its protocols are equally dynamic, among all Routing Protocols EIGRP and OSPF are two widely used protocols and both comes under dynamic routing protocols, in which EIGRP is based on Interior Gateway Routing Protocols and also EIGRP contains new features by which the market potential is expanded. OSPF is also Interior Gateway Routing protocol and works on Link-state and (SPF) Shortest Path First technology. Thanks to these routing protocol technology which increases and helped in improving the communication in such a perfect and correct way around the world. C:UsersG MomiDesktopUG ProjectAsessmentshomepage.jpgFig 3 [16] Overall Routing There are many routing protocols by which routers in different networks are able to communicate with each other with different properties. The following properties will provide overall view of Routing, what properties do router use and why. Desirable Properties of Routing Loop: While providing route for packet to reach destination, routing protocol are responsible to provide loop free route in network which results as low bandwidth used during process and can be used efficiently. Demand Based Operation: The demand based operation means that protocol should provide only the information when requested by node which helps to save the valuable resources used in network. Convergence: Convergence is basically occurrence of two or more things coming together, when ever link changes router automatically notice the change and process the update by calculating the new route and also forward the updated table. Convergence is totally depends on the routing protocols if convergence occurs in network it can result in bad route calculation or may drop the packet or time out. So the routing protocol should converge as fast as possible. Security: All protocols used in routing must ensure that the packets are transmitted with security to chosen destination. Multiple Routes: Routing protocols are responsible to provide multiple routes for the packets to reach its destination from its routing table when selected link by the routers fails or if there is any congestion on a particular route, this takes time to discover new route but by some selected routing protocols it is possible for router to do this job in seconds. Quality of Service: All Protocols doesnt support Quality of Service as fact there is no widely deployed QOS aware Routing Protocols. But some protocols do support the Quality of Service depending upon their intended network use, like in EIGRP bandwidth and delay are consider with static parameters and in OSPF only bandwidth is consider with static parameters. 2.2 Routing and Metrics 2.2.1 Metrics and its Purpose The cost of path in routing is based on the metrics parameters by metrics it is possible to compare or measure the path and all routing protocols select lowest metrics value among all values to determine the best path for routers. All Routing Protocols have their own metric calculation to decide the best bath. At a stage where routing protocol learn multiple path to reach remote networks or same destination and confused to select the right one, then lowest metrics value is used by routing protocols to choose the best path after calculating and comparing the cost of each path learned by routing protocols. Each protocol has its own way to calculate metrics and compare its value as mentioned before EIGRP works on the combination of delay, load, bandwidth and reliability and OSPF uses only bandwidth and as different for other routing protocols. 2.2.2 Metrics Parameters of Routing Protocol The metrics calculation of different routing protocols may results to select different path to same destination this is because different metrics values are used by different protocols. The following metrics are usually used in IP routing protocols:- Hop Count: some protocols count numbers of routers means hops through the packet will traverse to reach the destination like in RIP packets are traverse on the path with least number of hops. Bandwidth: After calculating the metrics if value is chosen bandwidth then path selected with highest bandwidth is preferable. Load: Some protocols select their path according to the load on the link, the lowest load on link is consider the best path to reach destination. Reliability: when reliability is chosen as metrics then path with highest reliability is selected, in this process reliability is calculated by the probability of the link failure in which can be calculated as from the previous recorded link failure or counting interface errors. Cost: cost can be defined as a metrics or a policy combined with metrics because cost is basically a value which is set by administrator or IOS (Internet Operating System) to select best path. 2.3 Classification of Routing Protocols Routing Protocols can be classified as:- Static and Dynamic Routing Protocols Distance Vector (DV) and Link-State Routing Protocols (LSR) Classful and classless Routing Protocols 2.3.1 Static and Dynamic Routing Protocols Static routing is basically used in small networks as its performance is bad because routing table constructed manually in static routing and routes are also fixed at boot time of router so that is why whenever new network is added or deleted within Autonomous System (AM) network administrator have to update it manually. Therefore it has good advantage in small network in which system administrator have full control of the network but on large networks this technology fails because it is hard to manage rapid changes in network topology and configure all routes manually. On the other hand Dynamic Routing Protocols routing is more widely used in large networks because in this routing table is created automatically and updated by message exchanging with adjacent routers, which means each router in the network have information about all other routers in the network and whenever any router is added or deleted the routing table is updated by different update methods like periodic update and trigger updates. The best route in dynamic routing protocol is based on their individual metrics and rules. Not only this there are many other reason of choosing Dynamic Routing instead of Static and for Dynamic Routing, route instability and creating routing loops are only the drawbacks which may cause. The most known Dynamic protocols are:- RIP A Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol IGRP The Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol by Cisco OSPF A Link-State Interior Routing Protocol IS-IS A Link-State Interior Routing Protocol EIGRP The Advanced Distance Vector Interior Routing Protocol by Cisco BGP A Path Vector Exterior Routing Protocol. 2.3.2 Distance Vector Routing Protocols Distance Vector Routing determines the best path by calculating the distance to reach the destination, as the name indicates Distance means the how far is destination by hop count metrics and Vector of distance represents term of next hop router or exit interface. Distance Vector Routing Protocols works on the basis of Bellman-Ford algorithm in which routing table is created and updated periodically by broadcasting the entire routing table to each of its neighbour. In Distance Vector each router maintains a distance vector for each destination which contains the information of next hop, destination ID and the shortest distance. This Protocols works on periodic advertisement of the shortest path by each router for example router sends its Distance Vector to its neighbours periodically containing the information of shortest path then the router in neighbour receives the information and updates its routing table and send the updated table periodically to its own neighbour and this process is continue works on the entire network in the time range of 10-90 seconds as depend on different Distance Vector Routing Protocols. In these protocols the router does not have the information of the entire path to the destination router. Router only counts the number of hops and has only the information of the direction and the interface from where the packet can be forwarded. Different metrics are used to update the information by distance vector protocols like in EIGRP the diffusion algorithm is used to select the cost of path to reach the destination. Advantage and Disadvantage of Distance Vector Routing The main advantages of Distance Vector Routing are as follows:- Simple and easy to understand as they work on the basis of router advertising processes but these protocols are efficient in smaller networks Distance Vector Routing Protocols are very easy to configure as just need to enable it on router interface and also they are very easy to manage. Main Disadvantages:- Large Routing tables in large networks, results as bad performance because thousands entries in routing table. Creating loops and slow convergence Problems with Scalability and not good in hierarchical routing Although by split horizon rule and triggered updates, Distance Routing Protocols are boosted as result convergence speed is increased. 2.3.3 Link-State Routing Protocols Link-State Routing (LSR) Protocols are those dynamic routing protocols which works DIJKSTRAS Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm that is why this protocol is also known as Shortest Path First Protocol. The router configured with LSR protocol will always chose the shortest path to reach the destination in network. In Link-State routing protocols the information is stored in database called Link-State database and this routing information is exchange among all routers in network through Link-State Advertisements (LSA). If there is any link added or changed in the network topology then LSAs is flooded to all the neighbour nodes by which routing table are updated information is stored in their own database which describes the topology of the network. The database in these protocols contains the information cost of the each link in the network and this cost is calculated by algorithm called DIJKSTRAS algorithm and the cost of each link can also be set by administrator. After all Link-State routing protocols have excellent flexibility but more complex as compare to Distance Vector and LSR protocols have less broadcast traffic. The most known LSR Protocols are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). Advantage and Disadvantage of Link-State Routing Each router in Link-State Routing Protocol calculate the route independently, the main advantages are as follow: LSR have small Routing table which makes it react fast whenever their is change in network. LSR also have low network overhead and the size of the packet sent in network is very small. Drawbacks of Link-State Routing: Configuration is difficult which results use of large memory space. More complex as compare to Distance Vector. 2.3.4 Classful and Classless Routing Protocols Depending on the subnet mask the routing protocols can be separated as Classful and Classless routing. Classful: The Classful routing contains the same subnet mask in the network topology and the Classful routing protocols never send any information regarding subnet mask in their routing updates. The router does not belong to same network then Classful subnet mask will be applied to the route. Classful routing protocols are not widely used because they doesnt support VSLM (Variable Length Subnet Masks) and also they cannot support discontinuous networks. Classless: Classless routing protocols are just opposite to Classful as in this the subnet mask varies in the network topology and also subnet mask and network address both are included in routing updates. EIGRP and OSPF are also belongs to classless routing protocols. 3.0 Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) . EIGRP is Cisco proprietary protocol and this is enhanced version of Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) [7], EIGRP was developed in 1992 and now days this protocols is being consider as more scalable for both large and medium networks. Diffusion Update Algorithm (DUAL) is used in EIGRP for calculating the routes to destination and also EIGRP has both properties of Link-State and Distance Vector Routing Protocols as it creates neighbour relationships and advertises the routes in network topology that is why it also called as Hybrid Protocol. 3.1 EIGRP Components EIGRP rely on the following four components:- 3.1.1 Diffusion Update Algorithm (DUAL) EIGRP uses DUAL by which loops are avoided in network and this mechanism is process by following concepts of DUAL:- Successor Successor means the first router or the first hop across network which provides the least-cost path to the destination. Feasible Distance The lowest cost required to reach the destination is basically known as Feasible Distance. Reported Distance The cost of router to reach a destination in a network is known by reported distance Feasible Successor Feasible Successor provides the loop free backup path to the destination, basically Feasible Successor if neighbour router in network. Feasible Condition This is totally depend on the value reported distance and feasible distance to select the Feasible Successor, means the value of advertised Reported Distance by router to destination should be less than feasible destination to the same distance. 3.1.2 Neighbour Discovery and Recovery This method allows routers to update their table dynamically with the information of other directly connected routers to the network and this information is exchange between routers with very low overhead as sending HELLO packets periodically throughout the network, router verify the connection with neighbour router by receiving HELLO packets from it. Usually these HELLO packets are sent periodically after every 5 seconds in high speed networks and with these HELLO packets advertise a HOLD time each time when they are sent by a router to make sure the connection is alive by receiving HELLO packets back. In EIGRP the default hold time is 15 seconds. By exchanging these HELLO packets advertisements between each other in the network, router updates their outing table, if the any router doesnt receive HELLO packets in between the HOLD time of EIGRP then the neighbour router will be discarded from the routing table. 3.1.3 Reliable Transport Protocol This protocol is used by EIGRP for guaranteed and ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all the neighbour routers in the network and also Reliable Transport Protocol supports intermix transmission of unicast or multicast packets. EIGRP packets are different; some of the packets are reliably transmitted as required and some do not need any reliability for transmission although reliability is provided whenever there is need. 3.1.4 Protocol Dependent Module To support different network layer protocols, EIGRP uses PDM (Protocol Dependent Module) like Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) and Apple Talk. http://fengnet.com/book/CCIE%20Professional%20Development%20Routing%20TCPIP%20Volume%20I/images/07fig04.jpgFig 4 [Online Available] 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages in EIGRP The main advantage of EIGRP routing protocol are:- Loop free routes are providing by EIGRP routing protocol. The configuration of EIGRP is very easy as compare to OSPF. Low convergence time EIGRP can work with VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) Routing update authentication is also supported by EIGRP Disadvantages; The main disadvantage is EIGRP is Cisco Proprietary so can be use only on Cisco products. Routers from other vendors are not able to utilize EIGRP. 4.0 Open Shortest Path First OSPF is Link-State Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and it can use by other product as well because it is not Cisco Proprietary. OSPF works with single Autonomous system and distribute the information across the network. In OSPF the cost of interface is calculated by bandwidth and this cost is inversely proportional to bandwidth, Lower cost requires higher bandwidth [3]. As mentioned before OSPF routing protocols always select the lowest cost path to all available destinations with the help of DIJKSTRA Algorithm calculation. 4.1 Protocol Structure The following information is included in OSPF protocol structure [2] Version: indicates the current version of OSPF. Type: indicates five types of packets which are HELLO Packets, Database Description (DBD), Link-State Request (LSR), Link-State Update (LSU) and Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck). Packet Length Router ID Area ID Checksum Au Type Authentication. 5. Related Works and Research There are many comparative analysis of EIGRP, OSPF and other related routing protocols have been proposed and still research is going on some of them are given below. Performance comparisons between OSPF and EIGRP in tactical IP networks. [18] Dynamic Routing Protocol Implementation Decision between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP Based on Technical Background Using OPNET Modeler. [19] Dynamic routing protocol performance in a fault- tolerant Ethernet-based IP network. [20] And many more other research related to this topic but there are very few comparison and analysis of OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols for real-time traffic. In this project comparative analysis of two most popular routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF will be done in Cisco packet Tracer with different scenarios in terms of metrics performance. Further detailed information will be included as theoretically of all related routing protocols. Conclusion This contextual report was presented as the part of BSc Computer Networking final year project on Routing Protocols to provide the overview of the project information and literature research and also as Project Initiation Document, in this report the purpose of the project is clearly mentioned and further artefact will be designed and implement later with more detailed information as scheduled.

Exploration :: Personal Narrative Writing

Exploration I used to have such a pleasant outlook on life; it was cotton candy and soda pop all the way. No, wait, that's a lie. I never liked life much at all. Don't get me wrong I like the touch of a strong hand and the smell of fresh rain, but I have trouble with the fact that no one knows "why" or to what end. I've often hated other people. Sartre said "hell is other people" and I truly agree, but it is a self induced hell. There's this girl named Sarah in one of my classes; she sits in the back of class knitting. "Is my class so mundane that you have to entertain yourself by knitting?" the professor questioned her with a knitted brow. "Well, actually it's crocheting, but I suppose that doesn't change your outlook," she grunted in reply. "I don't think it's very responsible student behavior," an audible sigh escaped his pursed lips. I could just feel the tension mounting in the room. It gave me this hot feeling all over my body, an excitement. I felt so pleased by her punishment. I suppose that is not very Christian behavior, but I also suppose I am not very Christian. Sometimes I feel I should be more accepting of other people, mind you not very often, but on rare occasions empathy overcomes me. You must already feel I am a rather unlikable person, but I don't believe that to be true. As I sit in my four cornered room writing to you, my reader, I suppose I might like you, given the proper circumstances. You see, I am a judge. I didn't want the job. I never applied and I don't enjoy it, but this is what I am. I know it seems impossible to believe that a twenty-one-year-old woman could be a judge, but it is true. I preside over a huge court and everyone and everything I meet is subject to my judgements. I oversee all of it, from dew drizzled lush landscapes to decrepit bag ladies. Right now I judge my fingers and toes and the poor soul next to me. I judge proven scientific experiments and baseless philosophical arguments. I sit and stare at this nauseating orange tabletop in this disturbingly small cubicle. I shiver at the thought of how many fingers have typed on these same keys and the meaningless jargon or incredible realizations they have produced.

Rush Limbaugh :: Controversy Political Limbaugh Essays

Rush Limbaugh Rush Limbaugh has shaped himself, intentionally or not, into quite a controversial political entertainer. The mere subject of what he speaks on creates an obvious divide in the politically interested population. The subjects of his radio show, his newsletter, and formerly his TV show, can be labeled as political interests. That is, absolutely anything the federal government, as a political entity, involves itself and/or the country in. For the most part though, Rush would likely say to this last statement that the government and the country (the people) are virtually on in the same; one body works for the other. But back to the question at hand—why do people like or dislike Rush Limbaugh and what has brought on this phenomenon? I will openly admit that I am a dittohead. A dittohead is a name created for those people who agree with Limbaugh on the majority of his general premises. So I can give personal reasons for liking Rush. But I am absolutely positive that I am not alone—thus creating the plural word, dittoheadS. One reason people enjoy listening to his analysis of political affairs I she has a great sense of humor when speaking about whatever the subject may be. It is easy to sit at a microphone and read off the news, and/or opinions you may have about it. But if he did only that, he would not have nearly the listening pool or lake or ocean, if you will, that he currently has because he would be just like every other reporting figure. He is an entertainer and realizes that fact. A few examples of his humor on political issues, or as in the immediately following, his humor of the general basis of what he believes the rules his opponents, liberals, live by: The 14 Commandments of the Religious Left. A few examples (just so you can get a taste of what I am talking about) are: 1. Thou shalt have not other God except thyself; after all, it’s thy self-esteem that counts. If thou doth not love thyself, who will? 6. Thou shalt not kill. With these exceptions: life forms under the second trimester, ad those opting for medically assisted suicides. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Unless thou aspirest to high political office, useth

Ancient South American Foodways Essay examples -- Domestication, Plant

Ancient South American Foodways Domestication of plants and animals has long been indicated as a main causational factor for population increase and socio-political complexity. Evidence of domestication of plants in South America has been said of have initially occurred 8000 BC, evidence of squash in Ecuador (Pearsall 2008:107), and 500 years earlier lima beans and chili peppers are being exploited (Lynch 1983:125-6). However, it took several millennia for intensive manipulation of plants to become standard practice for subsistence. The Archaic transition occurred around 3000 BC was identifiable for its â€Å"broadly based subsistence, experimental agriculture, seasonal nomadism giving way to sedentism, and technological proliferation† (Lynch 1983:91). By the end of the Paleo-Indian times the shift to agriculture and cultivation came to a head during Pre-ceramic 2500 BC quinoa, maize, gourd, squash, potato, beans and lucuma were now utilized for agricultural domestication—the Formative stage according the Lynch (1983:91) ca. 2000 BC had â€Å"intensive agriculture, full sedentism, class systems, corporate labor projects, and temple-based religions.† Before and continuing through the advent of irrigation agriculture, South Americans diets and main source of protein was marine based. â€Å"Fishing is very nearly as old in the new world as the presence of humans—seafood not just agriculture underwrote the first formation of Andean Civilization† (Isbell, Sandweiss, Silver 2008:147). Small sea villages eventually provided a mutual trade system for larger complex towns—exchange of maritime resources for agricultural products. The advent of irrigation agriculture was vital in the formation of complex villages. The trajectory of irrigation in Sou... ...ithin and without the temple precincts, Chavin possessed elements which were to became standard in later Andean cities† (Bruhns, 1994:131). Also, Chiripa located near the Southern end of Lake Titicaca (600-100 BC), because a model for later temple structures particularly the Kidder Temple at Pucara. The site consisted of rectangular buildings around a central patio and each site in the complex housed a sunken rectangular temple. Consistencies across Nazca settlement patterns indicate urban planning strategies and monitoring systems. The Incan culture derived from Tiwanaku. Incan empire expanded from its core, Cuzco in the Cuzco Valley. Incan’s ability to cultivate and harvest resulting in techniques for food storage that could last from 3-7 years. Inca’s took the crops of those conquered nations and cultivated them ensuring seasonality differentiation abundance.

Sexism in Football Assessment

Sexism In Football Since time began, feminists worldwide have demanded equal rights and yes, they’ve probably said just about everything there is to say about sexism. We all dream of the day when women and men are treated with the same amount of respect, attention and understanding. But will this day ever come? Sexism should be non-existent and football is no exception. Sexism can begin in the simplest of places; a primary school for example. Picture this, a group of boys are playing a football match in the school playground, one of the girls in the class decides to join the game.The boys are aware of her presence, but decide to ignore this fact and continue the match around her. She approaches the boys at the end of the match and asks: â€Å"Why didn’t you pass the ball to me? † In reply, one of the young Ronaldo-wannabes says: â€Å"Because you’re a girl. Girls can’t play football. † What they don’t know is that, in many years to com e, she will become England’s best female footballer, representing both Arsenal Ladies and the England National Team. Professional football clearly has a huge effect on society. Even as a fan of football, a woman can still be a target of sexism.The misconception that females watch the game solely for the ‘hot guys’, is present in the minds of most men. Although this isn’t necessarily true for all women, the generalization is that all women think like this and it is both offensive and inconsiderate. It is clear to all football fans that it is pointless to support a club because of a good-looking or specifically skilful player; you have to love and believe in the whole team. It’s obvious that a woman can love a team as much as any man can, she’s capable of cheering and spurring her team on with the same amount of passion that any man could.Football is a game that is meant to unite. Bring people together, no matter of their background or way of l ife. The beautiful game. So surely women should be respected and be as much of a part of the game as anyone else. Sexism at this level is fairly controllable. But it’s when it begins to affect people’s lives that it is unacceptable. Take for example, the ridiculous incident involving Sian Massey, the professional, fully qualified referee. The day when she assisted at the Liverpool vs Wolverhampton match.After making a correct offside call, she was wrongly criticised by commentators Andy Gray and Richard Keys; who mentioned that she didn’t know the offside rule, due to the fact that she’s a woman. Yet the male referee in the Germany vs England match last year didn’t know what constitutes a goal? I don’t think anyone based it on the fact that he was a man. Atrocious. But conflict also occurs off the pitch, with supporting roles, such as physiotherapists under attack. Sexism extends right to the top of the profession, as Sir Alex Ferguson prove d in 1994, when a female physiotherapist applied for a job at Manchester United.She received a ‘hurtful and insulting’ letter in reply that was completely and utterly out of touch with modern day thinking. He even had the audacity to say that his players didn’t like the thought of women being involved in football. Surely, if a woman has the same training and experience as a man, she should have equal opportunity? 17 years on we’d all like to think that this was a one-off incident and that women do have a role on and off the pitch, but for this to happen the whole ‘laddish’ football culture needs to change. Money is a constantly debated subject in the world of football; from player’s wages to transfer fees.But the difference in the wages of male and female footballers is ridiculous. To give you a rough idea of the extent, Lionel Messi, the best male player in the world, earns roughly ? 35million a year, whereas Marta Vieria da Silva, the best female player in the world, earns roughly ? 255,000 a year. Both these people play the same game, both represent their country and they were both recently voted as the best players in the world; the only difference is their sex. So why does Messi get paid 100 times more than Marta? There are many campaigns running all over the country to promote women’s football.Recently, 2011 X Factor finalists, Belle Amie, visited a local girl’s football match in Birmingham. They were happy to express their feelings about the matter with us: â€Å"We think it’s really important to support women in the football industry. As a predominantly male game it’s important to remind people that women can play the sport at a high level too. † This sort of promotion will help to develop everyone’s understanding that women have a key part to play in the beautiful game and that there is no reason why football should still be a male-dominated game.