AIDS in World History

The pestilent of human immunodeficiency (human immunodeficiency virus) virus causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has transformed inter content recital involving the emergence of amicable norms and stereotypes against Black zips, homosexuals, and countries plagued by the illness (e.g. Africa, Thailand, etc.).Historically, the first convincing enjoin of human immunodeficiency virus virus and actual illness process of support was found in the blood of an un cognise man from Kinshasa, Africa in 1959 (Iliffe, 2007 p.311). Eventually, the infection reached the Western Nations initially in Los Angeles around June 1981 wherein a r atomic number 18 pneumonic Pneumocystis carinii was found infecting six cases with blood-borne HIV int abolish (Feigal, Levine and Biggar, 2000 p.1).By mid-1982, approximately 450 cases of HIV had been identified by CDC, and by the end of the year, an estimated case adjoin of 300 or more was authoritative b y the same organization (Finkel, 2007 p.89). The solvent marked the first acquired immune deficiency syndrome epiphytotic creating a global stigma against races, demographics, countries and grammatical gender associated with the sickness epidemiology (Parker and Aggleton, 2003).From 1982 to 1985, help and HIV monitor institutions were able to file an approximate 16,000 cases of HIV, speckle death toll caused by the disease had reached 8,100 for 1985 alone (Finkel, 2007 p.89). By the end of 2002, UNacquired immune deficiency syndrome report 42 zillion pile with assist worldwide, while 25 billion had already died of the infection (Porth, 2005 p.427).Due to the development number of septic population, support had reshaped the world history by influencing the worlds views on countries, nations, and mess responsible for the spread of the disease crosswise the globe.I. Discussiona. Epidemiology and its International Impact aid epizootic has kept on growing in its exponentia l rank since its marked discovery in June, 1981. In United States, AIDS epidemic uprise from the 1985 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) records of 5,600 to 82,764 in 1989, 816,000 by the end of 2000, and UNAIDS records of 3.5 million by the end of 2002 (Porth, 2005 p.428 Patterson, 2005 p.179).In an international perspective, global AIDS preponderance among adults from 15 to 49 years grey-haired has ontogenesisd from approximately 8.5 million in 1990 to 38.6 million in 2005, while African AIDS prevalence bowel movement among the comparable demographics has increased as well from 1.3 million in 1985 to 25 million as of 2005 (UNAIDS, 2006).According to Steinbrook (2004), there are nine countries that move over the most number of HIV-infected demographics, and eight of these are from sub-Saharan Africa totaling to approximately 12 million individuals with AIDS. The country and race of African people thrust been severely affected by the global stereotypes and trauma against AI DS.According to Iliffe (2007), convincing hunt of HIV-1 transmission has been detected in chimpanzees sole(prenominal) to the region of Kinshasa, while the ten subtypes of HIV-1 drive home been found in an early epidemic only within the equatorial Africa, which then suggests the viral origin of AIDS (p.311).The increase international stigma over sub-Saharan Africa has affected the global ethnicities of blacks, African American and African immigrants in every share of the world (Steinbrook, 2004).According to the review see of Valdiserri (2002), race and ethnic groups associated with the groups dramatically affected by AIDS infection have experience negative attitudes, prejudice, judgment and disagreement from the societal universe.b. Global Trend of AIDS EpidemicThe tangled hallmark of AIDS in realism History involves the rising trend of neighborly stigma against AIDS epidemic and demographics associated with the disease epidemiology (Steinbrook, 2004).According to the review study of Valdiserri (2002), series of national interviews from 1990s to 2000 reveals that the 1 out of 5 individuals living in the study prove (n=5,600 American adults) possess negative attitudes against races associated and patients with AIDS.According to Perloff (2001), the increasing trend of AIDS epidemic triggered non-homogeneous affable prejudice and negative attitudes against divers(a) groups of individuals across the world. In mainland randomness Africa, women and children who obtained HIV becomes the social projection of rejection, prejudice and discrimination brought by the global stigma towards AIDS (Brown, Macintyre and Trujilo, 2003).In United States, African American or Blacks have been viewed negatively after the American public harbor more stigmatizing attitudes from sub-Saharas reported HIV infection, while in Thailand, social hostility towards prostitutes (e.g. police harassment, discrimination, etc.) are increasing consistently (Perloff, 2001 p.130).Ac cording to Armstrong-Dailey and Zarbock (2001), the common refer of AIDS stigma on a global perspective is the development of social ostracism among families or patients who contracted with AIDS (p.119).According to the study of Sudha, Vijay and Lakshmi (2005), 51.13% of the sample (n=800) felt the requirement to publicly denounce the names of AIDS patients for the public to avoid them, while 73.75% of the families interviewed prefer to keep AIDS condition among family relatives only.Discrimination brought by the public and even medical exam practitioners becomes the spin-off of the worldwide stigma stimulated by the exponential growth rate of AIDS (Perloff, 2001 p.130).c. Impact of AIDS in succeeding(a) GenerationWith the continuous rising trend of AIDS population worldwide, social stigma of the commonplace public against the race, demographics and individuals associated with the disease epidemiology is likely to increase causing global negative attitudes, charge and prejud ice against their population (Armstrong-Dailey and Zarbock, 2001 p.119).Contrary to the above predictions, the study of Blower, Schwartz and Mills (2003), public stigma against AIDS patient may reduce depending on the increasing health awareness of the public regarding HIV prevention and patient management.Meanwhile, Piot, Bartos and Ghys et al. (2001) have predicted that the immediate future implications of AIDS epidemic in high stakes countries (e.g. southwest Africa, Thailand, U.S, etc.) are (a) the increase in medical expenditures of the country (e.g. predicted 45% in federation Africa, etc.), (b) decreased of life expectancy (e.g. 59 y/o down to 45 y/o by 2005 in South Africa, etc.), and (c) reduced economic efficacy of the countrys economy.II. ConclusionFrom the localized bam of 1981 to the massive infection of 21st century, AIDS has dramatically affected the global trend of social perceptions and health care due to the global stigma caused by the exponential increases o f AIDS epidemic.AIDS patients in globally known epidemic countries, such as South Africa, India, United States, Thailand, are predicted to suffer social ostracism wherein patients may fail to publicly seek AIDS medical intervention due to their fears of discrimination, persecution and inferior treatment.According to presented studies, the global effects of AIDS epidemic may increase the countries allocations for medical expenditures, and decrease the life expectancy of the general population.III. ReferencesArmstrong-Dailey, A., & Zarbock, S. F. (2001). Hospice Care for Children. parvenu York, capital of the United Kingdom Oxford University Press US.Blower, S., Schwartz, E. J., & Mills, J. (2003, June). Forecasting the Future of HIV Epidemics the Impact of Antiretroviral Therapies & Imperfect Vaccines. AIDS Reviews, 5, 113-125.Brown, L., Macintyre, K., & Trujillo, L. (2003, February). Interventions to fasten HIV/AIDS Stigma What stick We Learned?. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 49-69.Feigal, E. G., Levine, A. M., & Biggar, R. J. (2000). AIDS-related Cancers and Their Treatment. raw York, U.S.A Informa Health Care.Finkel, M. (2007). Truth, Lies, and Public Health How We are Affected when Science and Politics Collide. unseasoned York, U.S.A Greenwood Publishing Group.Iliffe, J. (2007). Africans The History of a Continent. New York, London Cambridge University Press.